tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3432549342036935302024-03-12T19:18:27.078-07:00PPT'S FOR MECHANICAL ENGINEERING STUDENTSI WILL GIVE THE INFORMATION ABOUT NEW INNOVATIONS IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERINGRaghuram uttejhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06962070702511305946noreply@blogger.comBlogger19125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-343254934203693530.post-78761033161668997252013-02-11T21:55:00.001-08:002013-02-11T22:10:50.440-08:00HY-WIRE CAR<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-family: Tahoma;">Cars are
immensely complicated machines, but when you get down to it, they do an
incredibly simple job. Most of the complex stuff in a car is dedicated to
turning wheels, which grip the road to </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-style: italic;">pull</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> the car body and passengers along.</span><br />
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•<span style="font-family: Tahoma;">The
defining characteristic of the </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">Hy</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">-wire (and its conceptual
predecessor, the </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">AUTOnomy</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">) is that it doesn't have
either of these two things. </span></div>
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•<span style="font-family: Tahoma;">Instead
of an engine, it has a </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><a href="http://auto.howstuffworks.com/fuel-cell.htm">fuel cell</a></span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> stack, which powers an </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><a href="http://auto.howstuffworks.com/motor.htm">electric motor</a></span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> connected to the wheels.</span></div>
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•<span style="font-family: Tahoma;">Instead
of mechanical and hydraulic linkages, it has a </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-weight: bold;">drive by wire</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> system -- a </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><a href="http://auto.howstuffworks.com/car-computer.htm">computer</a></span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> actually operates the
components that move the wheels, activate the brakes and so on, based on input
from an electronic controller. This is the same control system employed in </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><a href="http://auto.howstuffworks.com/f-15.htm">modern fighter jets</a></span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> as well as many commercial </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><a href="http://auto.howstuffworks.com/airplane.htm">planes</a></span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">. </span></div>
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•<span style="font-family: Tahoma;">There is
no steering wheel, there are no pedals and there is no engine compartment.</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span></div>
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•<span style="font-family: Tahoma;">In fact,
every piece of equipment that actually moves the car along the road is housed
in an 11-inch-thick (28 cm) aluminum chassis -- also known as the </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-weight: bold;">skateboard</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> -- at the base of the car. </span></div>
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•<span style="font-family: Tahoma;">Everything
above the chassis is dedicated solely to driver control and passenger comfort. </span></div>
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•<span style="font-family: Tahoma;">The floor
of the fiberglass-and-steel passenger compartment can be totally flat, and it’s
easy to give every seat lots of leg room.</span></div>
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•<span style="font-family: Tahoma;">The
"</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">Hy</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">" in </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">Hy</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">-wire stands for </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-weight: bold;">hydrogen</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">, the standard fuel for a </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><a href="http://auto.howstuffworks.com/fuel-cell.htm">fuel cell</a></span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> system. </span></div>
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•<span style="font-family: Tahoma;">Like </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><a href="http://auto.howstuffworks.com/battery.htm">batteries</a></span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">, fuel cells have a
negatively charged terminal and a positively charged terminal that propel
electrical charge through a circuit connected to each end. They are also
similar to batteries in that they generate electricity from a </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-weight: bold;">chemical
reaction</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">. </span></div>
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•<span style="font-family: Tahoma;">But
unlike a battery, you can continually recharge a fuel cell by adding chemical
fuel -- in this case, hydrogen from an onboard storage tank and oxygen from the
atmosphere.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> It fully intends to
release a production version of the car in 2010, assuming it can resolve the
major fuel and safety issues. But even if the </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">Hy</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">-wire
team doesn't meet this goal. Automakers are definitely planning to move beyond
the conventional car sometime soon, toward a computerized, environmentally
friendly alternative. In all likelihood, life on the highway will see some
major changes within the next few decades. </span></div>
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Raghuram uttejhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06962070702511305946noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-343254934203693530.post-37713722230476186722012-07-23T09:22:00.001-07:002012-07-23T09:26:09.018-07:00Tunnel boring machine<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">so many members are lacking of knowledge and they confused that "what ppt i will give" they are having zeal to give a ppt but lack of topics they didnt participate so that it is my way to give names of topics and help them to give ppts. giving ppt is a vey good habbit for every one to get knowledge and transform knowledge to others to get information regarding this topic you will visit the site given below<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDFB_zYWKwM5PYQQCXj7kccOaKzVF2OeCS6tA2-WZYQXWIrgoyb9ck0l-Ft4WDUc8eOS6K8e1G0ZaNHCfPGP9Cc7x5ikVGiZN-SP8hKbMyl3P5oOr49MtXKlLIjvVrvJ4KMNIIE6xwsys/s1600/300px-Tunnel_Boring_Machine_(Yucca_Mt).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDFB_zYWKwM5PYQQCXj7kccOaKzVF2OeCS6tA2-WZYQXWIrgoyb9ck0l-Ft4WDUc8eOS6K8e1G0ZaNHCfPGP9Cc7x5ikVGiZN-SP8hKbMyl3P5oOr49MtXKlLIjvVrvJ4KMNIIE6xwsys/s1600/300px-Tunnel_Boring_Machine_(Yucca_Mt).jpg" /></a></div><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnel_boring_machine" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnel_boring_machine</a> </div>Raghuram uttejhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06962070702511305946noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-343254934203693530.post-25338849988791211182012-03-20T01:01:00.005-07:002012-03-20T02:06:54.647-07:00Friction-stir welding<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;"></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;"><span style="background-color: red;"><b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">Friction-stir welding</b><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"> (</span><b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">FSW</b><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">) is a solid-state joining process (meaning the metal is not melted during the process) and is used for applications where the original metal characteristics must remain unchanged as far as possible. This process is primarily used on </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; text-decoration: none;" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">, and most often on large pieces which cannot be easily heat treated post weld to recover temper characteristics</span> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 19px;"><b><br />
</b></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;"></div><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Principle_of_operation" style="background-color: red;">Principle of operation</span></h2><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 1.3em; margin-left: 1.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 302px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anand-FSW-Figure1-A.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: red; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="184" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/35/Anand-FSW-Figure1-A.jpg/300px-Anand-FSW-Figure1-A.jpg" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="300" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; float: right;"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anand-FSW-Figure1-A.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.19/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-color: initial; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-width: initial; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div><span style="background-color: red;">Schematic diagram of the FSW process: (A) Two discrete metal workpieces butted together, along with the tool (with a probe).</span></div></div></div><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 1.3em; margin-left: 1.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 302px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anand-FSW-Figure1-B.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: red; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="201" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/47/Anand-FSW-Figure1-B.jpg/300px-Anand-FSW-Figure1-B.jpg" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="300" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; float: right;"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anand-FSW-Figure1-B.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.19/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-color: initial; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-width: initial; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div><span style="background-color: red;">(B) The progress of the tool through the joint, also showing the weld zone and the region affected by the tool shoulder.</span></div></div></div><div style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"><span style="background-color: red;">A constantly rotated cylindrical-shouldered tool with a profiled nib is traversely fed at a constant rate into a butt joint between two clamped pieces of butted material. The nib is slightly shorter than the weld depth required, with the tool shoulder riding atop the work surface.</span></div><div style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"><span style="background-color: red;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friction" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Friction">Frictional</a> heat is generated between the wear-resistant <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welding" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Welding">welding</a> components and the work pieces. This heat, along with that generated by the mechanical mixing process and the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adiabatic" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Adiabatic">adiabatic</a> heat within the material, cause the stirred materials to soften without <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting_point" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Melting point">melting</a>. As the pin is moved forward a special profile on its leading face forces plasticised material to the rear where clamping force assists in a forged consolidation the weld.</span></div><div style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"><span style="background-color: red;">This process of the tool traversing along the weld line in a plasticised tubular shaft of metal results in severe solid state<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deformation_(engineering)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Deformation (engineering)">deformation</a> involving dynamic recrystallization of the base material.</span></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"></div><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Advantages_and_limitations">Advantages and limitations</span></h2><div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">The solid-state nature of FSW immediately leads to several advantages over fusion welding methods since any problems associated with cooling from the liquid phase are immediately avoided. Issues such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porosity" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Porosity">porosity</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solution" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Solution">solute</a> redistribution, <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solidification_cracking&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Solidification cracking (page does not exist)">solidification cracking</a> and <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liquation_cracking&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Liquation cracking (page does not exist)">liquation cracking</a> are not an issue during FSW. In general, FSW has been found to produce a low concentration of defects and is very tolerant to variations in parameters and materials.</div><div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Nevertheless, FSW is associated with a number of unique defects. Insufficient weld temperatures, due to low rotational speeds or high traverse speeds, for example, mean that the weld material is unable to accommodate the extensive deformation during welding. This may result in long, tunnel-like defects running along the weld which may occur on the surface or subsurface. Low temperatures may also limit the forging action of the tool and so reduce the continuity of the bond between the material from each side of the weld. The light contact between the material has given rise to the name "kissing-bond". This defect is particularly worrying since it is very difficult to detect using nondestructive methods such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="X-ray">X-ray</a> or<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasonic_testing" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ultrasonic testing">ultrasonic testing</a>. If the pin is not long enough or the tool rises out of the plate then the interface at the bottom of the weld may not be disrupted and forged by the tool, resulting in a lack-of-penetration defect. This is essentially a notch in the material which can be a potent source of fatigue cracks.</div><div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">A number of potential advantages of FSW over conventional fusion-welding processes have been identified:<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friction_stir_welding#cite_note-4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[5]</a></sup></div><ul style="list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Good mechanical properties in the as welded condition</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Improved safety due to the absence of toxic fumes or the spatter of molten material.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">No consumables — A threaded pin made of conventional <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tool_steel" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tool steel">tool steel</a>, e.g., hardened H13, can weld over 1 km of aluminium, and no filler or gas shield is required for aluminium.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Easily automated on simple milling machines — lower setup costs and less training.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Can operate in all positions (horizontal, vertical, etc.), as there is no weld pool.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Generally good weld appearance and minimal thickness under/over-matching, thus reducing the need for expensive machining after welding.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Low environmental impact.</li>
</ul><div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">However, some disadvantages of the process have been identified:</div><ul style="list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Exit hole left when tool is withdrawn.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Large down forces required with heavy-duty clamping necessary to hold the plates together.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Less flexible than manual and arc processes (difficulties with thickness variations and non-linear welds).</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Often slower traverse rate than some fusion welding techniques, although this may be offset if fewer welding passes are required.</li>
</ul><br />
</div></div>Raghuram uttejhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06962070702511305946noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-343254934203693530.post-39344394673506876312012-03-18T19:30:00.000-07:002012-03-18T19:30:58.318-07:00mechanical battery<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
Most batteries that we use on a daily basis are chemical batteries. They
contain chemicals that react in some way to create a flow of electrons.<br />
Lead-acid batteries, alkaline batteries, Nickel-metal hydride batteries and
lithium-ion batteries are all chemical batteries. Chemical batteries are
especially handy because they can be small -small enough to fit inside a
hearing aid if need be.<br />
But there is an entirely different type of battery that is available if you
don't need it to fit inside your ear canal or your pocket. These are called
mechanical batteries, because they rely on mechanical energy rather than
chemical energy.<br />
A flywheel battery is one form of mechanical battery. It uses the kinetic
energy stored in a flywheel to create a flow of electrons. To "charge the
battery", electricity drives an electric motor that spins up a flywheel.
In the simplest possible flywheel battery, the flywheel could be a heavy steel
wheel mounted on an axle that might spin at a maximum of 5,000 RPM. To use the battery,
a generator converts the kinetic energy stored in the spinning flywheel back
into electricity. It is easy to imagine that a big steel wheel weighing 1,000
pounds could store a lot of energy, and you would be right.<br />
Modern technology has made flywheel batteries more sophisticated than you
might imagine. The problem with steel is that it can only spin so fast before
it flies apart, and if it does fly apart it can be dangerous. Many of the newer
flywheels are therefore made out of carbon fiber. The strength of carbon means
that these flywheels can spin much more rapidly. Modern flywheels also spin in
a vacuum and use magnetic bearings so there is zero friction. A flywheel about
the size of a trash can can store enough power to run a typical American
household for a day.<br />
A flywheel battery has a number of advantages compared to a chemical
battery. The first advantage is the ability to absorb and store quick bursts of
energy much more efficiently than a chemical battery can. The second advantage
is high efficiency -very little energy is lost when charging the battery
(spinning up the flywheel) or discharging the battery. The third is long life
-chemical batteries tend to wear out after some number of charge/discharge
cycles (500 to 1,000 cycles is typical). Flywheel systems do not. That also
leads to lower maintenance costs and better reliability compared to battery
systems.<br />
The main disadvantage of flywheel batteries is their minimum size. It is
unlikely that a flywheel battery would ever be found in a cell phone, for
example. On the other hand, a flywheel battery would be ideally suited for
things like whole-house batteries or other batteries where size is not a big
issue.<br />
You might wonder why you would need a whole-house battery. One obvious
application is as an emergency power supply in case of a power failure. Or, if
you are powering your house off of solar panels, a whole-house battery would
let you store electricity for use at night. A whole-house battery could also
allow time shifting. You could buy power from the power company at night when
it is much less expensive, and then use the power during the day for air
conditioning. Over time, a flywheel battery used in this way would pay for
itself.<br />
There are other types of mechanical batteries available as well. At some
wind farms there have been experiments with storing compressed air in huge
underground salt caverns. Salt caverns are handy because they are
pressure-tight and self-sealing. When the wind is blowing, electricity drives
air compressors that fill the caverns with pressurized air. When the wind
stops, the pressurized air drives turbines that spin generators.<br />
Another large-scale mechanical battery can be found near select power
plants. Two lakes are arranged one above the other on a hillside. At night when
the power plant has excess capacity, it pumps water to the upper lake. During
the day, the water falls from the upper lake to the lower lake and drives
generators like those found in a hydroelectric dam.<br />
If flywheel batteries become cheap enough and reliable enough, it is easy to
imagine finding them in homes and in electric cars. They would take the place
of chemical batteries in a way that is lighter and less expensive.<br />
</div>Raghuram uttejhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06962070702511305946noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-343254934203693530.post-82694565636677299682012-03-18T19:21:00.001-07:002012-03-18T19:21:32.803-07:00magnetic refrigeration<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-shadow: auto;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>ABSTRACT</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In this
paper a new type of refrigeration technology, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Magnetic Refrigeration </i></b>has
been discussed. The objective of this paper is to explain the principle,
construction, working and the operating cycles of Magnetic Refrigerator. The
development of this system leads to improve the COP and to reduce Ozone layer
Depletion and Global Warming.</div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The main principle
behind this refrigeration system is <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Magneto
Caloric Effect </b>(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">MCE</i>). According
to this effect whenever some magnetic materials like <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Gadolinium</i></b> are subjected
to a magnetic field the temperature of that material increases. Whenever the
magnetic field is removed the temperature of that material diminishes down
again. This is because of the randomization and alignment of atoms in the
magnetic material.</div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The magnetic refrigerator
uses the above effect in the following way. <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New";">Gadolinium is arranged to pass through a magnetic field. As it
passes through the field, the gadolinium heats up as it exhibits <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">magneto caloric effect</i>. If it is taken
out of the field then it comes down to original temperature. But we will
circulate the water to draw the heat out of the metal when it is in the
magnetic field. As the material leaves the magnetic field, the material cools
to a temperature much below the original temperature as a result of the magneto
caloric effect. Then this cold Gadolinium is used to remove the heat from the
refrigerator’s coils.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The permanent magnets and
the gadolinium don’t require any energy inputs to make them work, so the only
energy it takes is the electricity for the motors to spin the wheel and drive
the water pumps. Hence the power required to operate this refrigerator is also
very less. Magnetic refrigerators have two main advantages over today's
commercial devices: they do not use hazardous or environmentally damaging
chemicals, such as chlorofluorocarbons, and they are up to 60% efficient. In
contrast, the best gas-compression refrigerators achieve a maximum efficiency
of about 40%. </div>
</div>Raghuram uttejhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06962070702511305946noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-343254934203693530.post-18715577928791607882012-03-18T06:51:00.000-07:002012-03-18T06:51:10.104-07:00ROBOTICS IN MANUFACTURING<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The term <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">robotics</span> was coined in the 1940s by science fiction writer Isaac
Asimov. </span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Robotics is used to collectively define a field in
engineering that covers the mimicking of various human characteristics. It is
an automatic industrial machine replacing the human in hazardous work. Robotics
includes the knowledge of Mechanical, Electronics, Electrical & Computer
Science Engineering. It can work hazardous/dangerous environment. Robotic<u> </u>Structure,
Power source, Actuation, Sensing, Manipulation, Locomotion and the explanation
about all these.</span></div>
</div>Raghuram uttejhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06962070702511305946noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-343254934203693530.post-85677875500766247462012-03-18T06:50:00.002-07:002012-03-18T06:50:32.391-07:00WIND TURBINE GEAR BOX TECHNOLOGY<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The reliability
problems associated with transmission or gear box equipped wind turbines and
the existing solutions of using direct drive gear less turbines and
torque-splitting, are reviewed as alternative solutions we propose the Geared
Turbofan Engine (GTF) technology, from the automobile industry, and discus
their promise in addressing the Gear Box problems currently encountered by
existing wind turbine technology. In this it includes the Introduction,
Experience with Turbine Transmission, Gearless or Direct Drive Wind Turbines,
Gear Box Design Options, Annular Generator, Torque Splitting and Distributed
Gearing, History of Direct Drive Approach, Gear Turbofan Technology and
Development, Conclusion, References. </span></div>
</div>Raghuram uttejhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06962070702511305946noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-343254934203693530.post-80171774716710163842012-03-18T06:49:00.002-07:002012-03-18T06:49:18.681-07:00A STUDY ON ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGIES<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Manufacturing
takes turns under all types of economic systems. In a free market economy,
manufacturing is usually directed toward the mass production of products for
sale to consumers at a profit. In a collectivist economy, manufacturing is more
frequently directed by the state to supply a centrally planned economy. In free
market economies, manufacturing occurs under some degree of government
regulation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Modern manufacturing
includes all intermediate processes required for the production and integration
of a product's components. Some industries, such as semiconductor and steel
manufacturers use the term fabrication instead.<b><span style="color: black;"></span></b></span></div>
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<br /></div>
</div>Raghuram uttejhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06962070702511305946noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-343254934203693530.post-33885547805470894912012-03-18T06:48:00.002-07:002012-03-18T06:48:42.297-07:00NANOTECHNOLOGY IN MEDICINE<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
credential part of this paper gives the theoretical application of nanodevices
in the treatment of cancer. The latest technology for<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the treatment cancer is the chemotherapic
treatment in which drugs of specific composition is given to the patients
depending on the biopsy of the tumor from the patient. The main disadvantage of
using chemotherapy is that the drug used is not so specific and hence it causes
damage to the surrounding healthy cells. It uses MAB, the monoclonal antibodies
to locate the affected areas. To make the treatment more specific, we use the
nanodevices that use nano-sensors to be more specific in application of
chemotherapy to the malignant tumors, thereby increasing the safety in usage of
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The paper
also deals with the innovative sources of nano evidences, various frames of
analysis of nano structures, tools of nano materials with its deep basic
classification and interesting applications along with disadvantages of using
nano technology. </span></div>
</div>Raghuram uttejhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06962070702511305946noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-343254934203693530.post-74770427772462054932012-03-18T06:47:00.005-07:002012-03-18T06:47:54.809-07:00CRYOGENIC TEMPERING<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">In
present day machining abrasion caused metals is a huge problem, due to which a
lot of money is wasted. Heat treatment is an intermittent process to solve this
problem but it does not work all the time. We have suggested cryogenics as one
effective solution to this problem. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The limitations in heat treatment process lead to cryogenic
tempering of materials. This is a dry process carried in a perfectly insulated
environment maintained at a temperature of –325 0F using liquid nitrogen.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The recent
developments in computers added to this process resulting in a highly
controlled soaking of material which is key in this process. Various materials
like steels, copper etc., which are widely applied in the industry, are processed
using this technique. This process results in refined grain and it completely
converts austenite (a softer grain structure always present after heat
treatment) is transformed into a harder, more durable grain structure called
martensite. Increased durability, ductility and relived internal stresses are
the results of this process. This is a gentle process and it is not a surface
phenomenon it effects<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the whole
component. This needs better control over the process. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Cryogenic cutting
tools are the most advantageous over normal tools. This reduces the problem of
frequent resharpening<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>of the tool, tool
life in some cases increased drastically unto 25 times, increasing the
production time, quality of production and the production rates. Other
industries, which are utilizing the advantages of cryogenic tempering, includes
paper, plastic and rubber, electrical, wood, music, sports and automobiles. In
music, the processed brass instruments resulted in best music quality, high
pitch of sound. The processed rotors life is increased by 10 times.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The quality of processed component depends on
the quality of component used for treatment. The cost and time consumed are the
factors, which is limiting the use of the process.</span></div>
</div>Raghuram uttejhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06962070702511305946noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-343254934203693530.post-72567771588753501362012-03-18T06:47:00.002-07:002012-03-18T06:47:19.358-07:00RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN JET ENGINES<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Even before
the World War –II, piston engines are used in aircrafts. But Engineers found
that these piston engines are self-limiting in terms of maximum power &
performance. This has been overcome with the invention of Jet engines.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Jet engines were mainly developed by
Mechanical Engineers, Dr. Hans Von Ohain and Sir Frank White. A jet engine is a
reaction engine that discharges a fast moving jet to generate thrust by jet
propulsion and in accordance with Newton's laws of motion. Jet engines may
commonly refer under Internal Combustion (IC) Engines. A jet engine mainly
works on the principle of "Brayton cycle”. The jet engines are broadly
classified into two types. (i) Air breathing engines and (ii) Non-Air breathing
engines. Turbo Jet,Turboprop, and Turbofan classified under Air breathing
engines. Rockets come under Non-Breathing engines. </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Turbo Jet engines are mainly used to
drive<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>aircrafts and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>boats. Turbo Prop Jet engines are used to run
Electric generators in a general electric Companies. A Jet engine is a gas
turbine engine that works by compressing air with an inlet and a compressor,
mixing fuel with the compressed air, burning the mixture in the combustor, and
then passing the hot, high pressure air through a turbine and a nozzle. The
Turbo Jet<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>engines travels with sonic
velocities.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>But, a new advanced Jet engine came
onto screen. That new advanced technology is RAM JET engines. By using these
engines we can overcome the disadvantages of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>normal<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>jet engines(Turbo Jet).
RAM JETS travels with supersonic velocities. Based on these SCRAM JET and PULSE
JET came into existence. Many recent developments came up based on the RAM JET
engines, but most of them are under development.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These all new techniques are simple in construction
and cheap when compared to normal jet engines. So, Scientists are working to
develop these new advanced techniques. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
</div>Raghuram uttejhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06962070702511305946noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-343254934203693530.post-43496666488881997532012-03-18T06:46:00.005-07:002012-03-18T06:46:49.564-07:00AN ENERGY EFFICIENT SOLAR ICE- MAKER USING ADSORPTION REFRIGERATION<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The idea of
environmental protection intensifies efforts on development of ozone and global
warming safe heat pump technology, because of its promising potential for
competing with conventional vapor compression refrigeration.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>With the development of different adsorbent
materials and solar energy collecting technology, there is a real possibility
to achieve commercialization of such systems. This paper presents the
description and operation of a solar-powered ice-maker, with solid adsorption
pair of activated carbon and methanol. A domestic type of charcoal is chosen as
the adsorbent, and a simple flat-plate collector with an exposed area of 0.92 m<sup>2</sup>
is employed to produce ice of about 4-5 kg/day. Also, it is intended to
introduce a hybrid system consisting of solar water heater and ice-maker, which
can satisfy the requirements of both the solar ice-making needs as well as good
heat collection and heat release in the adsorber since, the hybrid system of
solar powered water heater and refrigerator will be able to satisfy both
heating and cooling needs, it increases the total efficiency of the system.
This device can be applied to many energy saving fields such as waste heat
recovery in industry. Such a novel concept of energy utilization would also
contribute to more efficient methods in this field.</span></div>
</div>Raghuram uttejhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06962070702511305946noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-343254934203693530.post-4523696464688728752012-03-18T06:46:00.002-07:002012-03-18T06:46:16.600-07:00Design of portable Solar Thermoelectric Refrigerator<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The main objective of this
study is to design and build an affordable solar thermoelectric refrigerator
for the Bedouin people (e.g. deserts) living in remote parts of Oman where
electricity is still not available. The refrigerator could be used to store
perishable items and facilitate the transportation of medications as well as
biological material that must be stored at low temperatures to maintain
effectiveness.</span></span></div>
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<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
design of the solar-powered refrigerator is based on the principles of a
thermoelectric module (i.e., Peltier effect) to create a hot side and a cold
side. The cold side of the thermoelectric module is utilized for refrigeration purposes;
provide cooling to the refrigerator space. On the other hand, the heat from the
hot side of the module is rejected to ambient</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br />
</span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">surroundings by using heat sinks and fans. The designed solar thermoelectric
refrigerator was experimentally tested for the cooling purpose. The
coefficient of performance of the refrigerator (COPR) was calculated and found
to be about 0.16.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>Raghuram uttejhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06962070702511305946noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-343254934203693530.post-62595193413418209782012-03-18T06:45:00.003-07:002012-03-18T06:45:52.648-07:00Development of Mechanical Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) Engines for 4 Stroke Two Wheelers<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The general demand in the
market today is for two wheelers with excellent fuel economy, superb power
performance and cleaner & greener emissions. But the actual situation is
somewhat contrary in the sense that the two wheeler generally bought by the
public have characteristics which include very high levels of pollution caused
by scavenging losses, un-economical operation because of fresh charge losses,
less scope for lean operation and no control on the engine once the valves have
closed. Therefore the goal of this paper is to design an injection system to
achieve optimum emission values and noise levels. In addition this paper looks
at improving fuel consumption and drivability independent of the operating
point, which is implemented by a mechanical variable injection timing system.
For this, the effect of different head designs on the exhaust gas emissions is
analyzed initially. Also a light weight and compact Aluminum housing is
designed for the pump – follower junction. This is directly attached to the
overhead camshaft. A new jerk type fuel injection pump was designed based on
the differences in the physio-chemical properties of diesel and petrol. The
characterization of the engine is done in carburetor mode for reference
purpose. A characterization of the fuel injection pump was also carried out.</span></div>
</div>Raghuram uttejhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06962070702511305946noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-343254934203693530.post-31523100659852166932012-03-18T06:44:00.003-07:002012-03-18T06:44:49.263-07:00MICROELECTROMECHANICAL SYSTEMS (MEMS)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<![endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">“Micro mechatronics is the synergistic integration of micro electro
mechanical systems, electronic technologies and precision mechatronics with
high added value.” This field is the study of small mechanical devices and
systems .they range in size from a few microns to a few millimeters. This field
is called by a wide variety of names in different parts of the world: micro
electro mechanical systems (MEMS), micromechanics, Microsystems technology
(MST), micro machines .this field which encompasses all aspects of science and technology,
is involved with things one smaller scale. Creative people from all technical
disciplines have important contributions to make. Welcome to the micro domain,
a world now occupied by an explosive new technology known as MEMS (Micro
Electro Mechanical systems), a World were gravity and inertia are no longer
important, but the effects of atomic forces and surface science dominate. MEMS
are the next logical step in the silicon revolution. The silicon revolution
began over three decades ago; with the introduction of the first integrated
circuit .the integrated circuit has changed virtually every aspect of our
lives. The rapid advance in number of transistors per chip leads to integrated
circuit with continuously increasing capability and performance. As time has
progressed, large, expensive, complex systems have been replaced by small, high
performance, inexpensive integrated circuits. MEMS is a relatively new
technology which exploits the existing microelectronics infrastructure to
create complex machines with micron feature sizes .these machines can have many
functions, including sensing, communication and actuation. Extensive
application of these devices exists in both commercial and defense systems.</span></span></div>Raghuram uttejhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06962070702511305946noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-343254934203693530.post-16804298819203595952012-03-18T06:44:00.000-07:002012-03-18T06:44:07.046-07:00Sixstroke Hybrid Engine<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">This
paper describes about hybrid engine which became an esteem device by having the
ability to run with the green fuel hydrogen, because the known fact is hydrogen
engine is a good dream for the auto designers, this is because of the
challenging problems given by it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">This
engine will perform the multiple fuel operating characteristics with the
assistance of Multi processing Microprocessor Unit (MMU) Controls. The major
drawback of the hydrogen engine is avoided here with the help of Liquid spark
plug. It is possible by injecting the diesel in small & large amounts to
initiate the combustion according to the operating conditions. This engine has
multi fuel flexibility, homogeneous mixture (HCCI) will be formed here which
results perfect combustion of fuel. During fifth & sixth strokes it runs
with water as energy source this is a new system which changes the broad
classification of Engines, this engine gives twice power and better safety than
conventional engines and this engine is environmental friendly by providing
pure water and negligible traces of CO without smoke in most of the cases. This
is the reason why it is named as Six-stroke hybrid engine. Especially this
paper explains the conversion process of our simple C.I.Engine to Hydrogen
engine. Finally, this paper concludes with exhaust compounds, compression
ratio, and fuel- air ratio, safety with hydrogen and performance
characteristics of the engine which make this engine superior. </span></div>
</div>Raghuram uttejhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06962070702511305946noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-343254934203693530.post-25985001837247328192012-03-18T06:43:00.000-07:002012-03-18T06:43:11.823-07:00MAGLEV TRAINS<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">As the world continues to grow and as cities continues to
become more crowded and congested, our normal modes of transportation will not
be able to handle these overpopulated areas.</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The answer to this transportation problem lies in the world
of electro magnetism and superconducting magnets. Electromagnets and
superconducting magnets have allowed us to create a</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> magnetic </span></span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">levitation</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> train </span></span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">nicknamed
“MAGLEV” that floats on the track instead of being directly on it.It is based
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and propulsion by LSM principle.</span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">This has a lot of potential to create trains</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">that are fast with low maintenance requirements. This
experiment in an attempt to make a levitation trains, proposal of this project
is to find the effect of load or total weight on the friction force in a
levitation </span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">train</span></span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">. The experiment demonstrates the like poles repelling
principle of magnetism. The repelling force of two magnets when same poles face
each other varies by the distance of magnets.</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">The repelling force increases when two magnets
get closer to each other.</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">…</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">.</span></div>
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">It is remarkably noted that progress has been achieved in the field of
science and technology. Hence by absorbing those techniques, it is believed
that the day of implementation of maglev trains all over the world will not be
far away</span></div>Raghuram uttejhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06962070702511305946noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-343254934203693530.post-15173999420093562012-03-18T06:42:00.000-07:002012-03-18T06:42:02.462-07:00Fuel cells: Power for the Future<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Today, millions of people depend
on the automobile as their main source of transportation. Automobiles are the
most efficient and convenient way to travel compared to walking or running.
Unfortunately, most of the automobiles use fossil fuels such as petrol, diesel.
The harmful gases released by combustion of gases like carbon monoxide,
nitrogen oxides, hydrogen carbons, and carbon dioxide. Cause air pollution and
deplete the ozone layer. In addition to these disastrous effects to the environment,
gasoline is a finite energy source. Therefore, another efficient and cheap
energy source needs to be found quickly. Ideally, this energy source should be
unlimited in its supply and friendly to the environment.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Many alternatives have been considered
like the use of batteries and solar power to power cars. However, since
batteries operate on a stored amount of energy, it has a limited range
typically around 100 miles. The batteries are also very large since it consumes
over 17 times as much space and 45 times as much weight as gasoline tanks.
Solar powered cars are limited to its use on sunny days. On cloudy days and at
night, the car operates on batteries. Therefore, solar powered cars have a
driving range of approximately 135 miles. As a result, the best alternative to
gasoline is the Fuel Cell</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The paper presents an approach to
the use of Fuel cell as an alternative to conventional fuels.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It gives a bird eye view of working of fuel
cell and its types, weighs the merits and demerits of one over the other.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It also explores the application of fuel
cells in the diversified fields of transportation, Industrial, Residential
Power and aerospace.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The answer to the present energy
crisis and the future of the human race seems to lie in the Fuel Cells. Though
affordable, research should be made to further bring down the cost of fuel
cells and penetrate it in all walks of our lives. </span></div>
</div>Raghuram uttejhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06962070702511305946noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-343254934203693530.post-38640300829845767452012-03-18T03:59:00.000-07:002012-03-18T03:59:43.373-07:00Frictionless compressor in refrigeration<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/> <w:Word11KerningPairs/> <w:CachedColBalance/> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">Abstract:-</span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-no-proof: yes;">A new compressor technology introduced in international Air-Conditioning, Heating, Refrigerating, Exposition (AHR<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Expo).This technology is designed and optimized take full advantage of magnetic bearing technology,the compressor was awarded the first AHR<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Expo innovation award in energy category.traditional centrifugal compressors use roller bearings and hydrodynamic bearings,both of which consume power and require oil and a lubrication system.By using this system we can prevent the lubrication of the bearings and the maintenance cost and pollution decreases.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">Main components of refrigeration:-</span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¢<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">Compressor<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¢<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">Condenser </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¢<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">Expander</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¢<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">Evaporator</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">What is frictionless compressor?</span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¢<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">The frictionless compressor technology<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>is the compressor with which the application of the magnetic bearings & permanent magnet synchronous motor. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¢<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">In the frictionless compressor instead of the roller bearings & hydrodynamic bearings, magnetic bearings will be use. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">Frictionless compressor technology</span></u></b></div><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">Magnetic bearing technology is significantly different. 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<div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">Working</span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¢<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">When the magnetic bearings are energized, the motor and impellers, which are keyed directly to the magnetic shaft, levitate(Floating).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¢<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">Permanent-magnetic bearings do the primary work, while digitally controlled electromagnets provide the fine positioning.</span></div><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;">As the levitated assembly moves from the center point, the electromagnets’ intensity is adjusted to correct the position</span><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">SHUTDOWNS AND POWER FAILURES</span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¢<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">When the compressor is not running, the shaft assembly rests on graphite-lined, radially located touchdown bearings.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¢<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">The magnetic bearings normally position the rotor in the proper location, preventing contact between the rotor and other metallic surfaces. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¢<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">If the magnetic bearings fail, the touchdown bearings (also known as backup bearings) are used to prevent a compressor failure.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¢<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">The compressor uses capacitors to smooth ripples in the DC<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>link in the motor<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>drive.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¢<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">Instantaneously<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>after a power failure, the motor becomes a “generator,” using its angular momentum to create electricity (sometimes known as back EMF) and keeping the capacitors charged during the brief coastdown period. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">Advantages</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¢<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">COP of system increases </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¢<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">Lubrication is not required</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¢<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">Avoiding oil-management systems means avoiding the capital cost of oil pumps, sumps, heaters, coolers, and oil separators, as well as the labor and time required to perform oil- related services.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¢<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">Maintenance costs have been cut by more than 50%</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">Disadvantages</span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¢<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">cleaning of electronic boards .</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¢<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>changing of capacitors every 5 years</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">conclusion</span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¢<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">Now I conclude that a conventional bearing will take 10000W of power then a magnetic bearing will take only 180W of power</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¢<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">This amounts up to 500times less friction loss</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¢<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">So we can increase the use of magnetic bearings instead of conventional bearings<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: -1;"><span style="height: 333px; left: 398px; position: absolute; top: -53px; width: 191px;"><img alt="C4_0852.JPG" height="333" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/DRTL%7E1.RAO/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.jpg" width="191" /></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">References</span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¢<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">HPAC Engineering article.</span></div></div>Raghuram uttejhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06962070702511305946noreply@blogger.com1